Singapore Airline Industries Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Singapore Airline Industries - Research Paper Example These two strategies must be adjusted to create brilliant administrations for a carrier. Exploration has indicated that poor administrations in the aircraft business result from social, innovative human elements and not innovation. The Human Resource contributes profoundly to guaranteeing the carrier has client driven, learning-focused workforce that adjusts to changes. The aircraft business is serious, wellbeing delicate, and there raised innovation (Holloway, 1998). It is therefore important to guarantee the organization’s workers are sufficiently skilled. The Singapore carriers embrace this by carefully minding the staff. Staff preparing, advancement, and expect to arrive at the best guidelines are what makes Singapore Airlines stand. Singapore carrier has an instructional hub, opened in January 1993 and situated at Singapore. It is the center point of airlines’ preparing programs. It offers bits of preparing of the lodge team, flight group business and IT preparing. This paper covers how Singapore aircrafts utilize Human Resource ideas or techniques to perform inner and outside enrollment and staffing. Flight group preparing at the Singapore preparing focus The Singapore Flying College (SFL) conducts essential flying bits of preparing, additionally called stomach muscle initio preparing (Heracleous, et al. 2009). These administrations accommodated Singapore Airlines, Singapore aircraft freight, and Silk Air cadet pilots. They gave with an Air Transport Pilot License with the instrument rating. Introductory abdominal muscle initio preparing happens in Singapore at Seletar air terminal. The halfway and last eliminates of 15 months conveyed at Jandakok (a part of the school). In Seletar, Cessna 152 planes utilized while Cessna 172s planes utilized in jandakot Three-fourth of the flying preparing had done in Western Australia while all the ground preparing done in Singapore. Cadet pilots prepared at the school of Singapore, Jandakot, Western Austr alia and Maroochydore, Queensland. Cadet pilots continue to Advanced Flight Training (AFT) at Maroochydore in Australia for essential flight preparing where they train on the Learjet 45 for a quarter of a year (Heracleous et al, 2009). A Learjet 45 is an elite fly with a twin motor. Cadets finish 70 flight hours in the leaser 45 and different tests at that point continue to Singapore carriers Flight team preparing place for specific preparing. The Flight Crew preparing focus has seven test systems that imitate cockpits of airplanes worked by Singapore Airlines (Heracleous and Wirtz, 2010, p.45). They can likewise reenact the different movements of flight. The middle contains a lodge departure mentor who prepares the team on the best way to manage crises and systems of clearing if there should be an occurrence of one. They check the biennial capability for all pilots. Security preparing did where firefighting and life pontoon boarding drills controlled to pilots and lodge group. Ther e is likewise preparing of the wellbeing pool that can animate waves, water departure preparing, a progression of putting out fires drills and six-entryway preparing. Medical aid preparing happens at the middle at this stage. Ground examines This is the place study hall contemplates happen. The strategy significantly utilized is the Computer-based preparing (CBT). A group of qualified teachers gives specialized directions about the airplane frameworks and execution.

Internet Cafe Business Plan

An Internet bistro or cybercafe is a spot which gives web access to people in general, as a rule for a charge. These organizations as a rule give bites and beverages, thus the bistro in the name. The expense for utilizing a PC is typically charged as a time sensitive rate. Web bistros are a characteristic development of the customary bistro. Bistros began as spots for data trade, and have consistently been utilized as spots to peruse the paper, send postcards home, play conventional or electronic games, talk to companions, discover neighborhood data. Bistros have additionally been in the bleeding edge of advancing new advancements. Web bistros are found around the world, and numerous individuals use them when heading out to get to webmail and texting administrations to stay in contact with loved ones. Aside from voyagers, in many creating nations Internet bistros are the essential type of Internet access for residents as a mutual access model is more moderate than individual responsibility for as well as programming. A minor departure from the Internet bistro plan of action is the LAN gaming focus, utilized for multiplayer gaming. These bistros have a few PC stations associated with a LAN. The associated PCs are uniquely amassed for ongoing interaction, supporting famous multiplayer games. This is diminishing the requirement for video arcades and arcade games, a large number of which are being shut down or converged into Internet bistros. The utilization of Internet bistros for multiplayer gaming is especially famous in specific zones of Asia like China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea and The Philippines. In certain nations, since for all intents and purposes all LAN gaming focuses likewise offer Internet get to, the terms net bistro and LAN gaming focus have gotten tradable. Once more, this common access model is more moderate than individual responsibility for and additionally programming, extraordinarily since games regularly require top of the line and costly PC's. There are additionally Internet booths, Internet passageways out in the open spots like open libraries, air terminal lobbies, once in a while only for brief use while standing. Numerous inns, resorts, and journey ships offer Internet access for the accommodation of their visitors; this can take different structures, for example, in-room remote access, or an internet browser that utilizes the in-room TV for its showcase (for the most part for his situation the lodging gives a remote console on the supposition that the visitor will utilize it from the bed), or computer(s) that visitors can utilize, either in the entryway or in a business community. Similarly as with telephone utility, in the US most mid-value inns offer Internet access from a PC in the hall to enrolled visitors without charging an extra expense, while fancier inns are bound to charge for the utilization of a PC in their â€Å"business focus. For those going by street in North America, many truck stops have Internet booths, for which a run of the mill charge is around 20 pennies for each moment. Web bistros arrive in a wide scope of styles, mirroring their area, primary customer base, and now and then, the social motivation of the owners. In the good 'ol days they were significant in anticipating the picture of the Internet as a ‘cool' wonders. Working up a web bistro appears to be so natural from outside. It feels as though one simply needs to pull a few seats and tables, barely any PCs and a web organizing framework, and here goes the prospering business. One needs to make numerous strides and choices to make his business fruitful. It needs a great deal of tolerance, regulatory quality and authority aptitudes to keep up a web bistro. Running a web bistro is very testing work as you need to manage the utilizes, clients, the wellbeing on web, condition of the bistro and the nature of web. One needs to fulfill everybody, needs to watch out for in light of the fact that there is part of rivalry in this field as well. It may troublesome toward the start, in light of the fact that there were relatively few assets. Be that as it may, these days, with the creation of high innovative proficient web bistro programming, it has been very minimal simple for the web bistro proprietors to deal with every one of their obligations. A great deal of weight has been raised from their shoulders. Having a beware of the clients exercises as the digital crime percentage is getting out of this world, obstructing of various locales that are destructive for nature of the watchers and giving a plain situation to clients, are a portion of the different favorable circumstances that one can accomplish utilizing the web bistro programming. In addition to these points of interest, web bistro programming likewise quickens the speed of web. It causes the clients to feel satisfied while utilizing the web in bistro as it speeds up and improves the nature of web. Because of all above talked about reasons crafted by bistro proprietors experiences become difficulty free and helpful. The clients are pulled in towards the bistros because of their better execution and expert condition. As the earth is proficient, it doesn't interest just one class of individuals, it takes into account the need of individuals of each age. As Internet get to is in expanding request, numerous bars, bars and bistros have terminals, so the differentiation between the Internet bistro and typical bistro is dissolved. In a few, especially European nations, the quantity of unadulterated Internet bistros is diminishing since an ever increasing number of typical bistros offer similar administrations. Be that as it may, there are European nations where the all out number of freely open terminals is additionally diminishing. A case of such a nation is Germany. The reason for this improvement is a mix of entangled guideline, moderately high Internet infiltration rates, the across the board utilization of journals and PDAs and the generally high number of WLAN hotspots. Numerous bars, bars and bistros in Germany offer WLAN, yet no terminals since the Internet bistro guidelines don't have any significant bearing if no terminal is advertised. Also, the utilization of Internet bistros for multiplayer gaming is troublesome in Germany since the Internet bistro guidelines and a second sort of guidelines which was initially settled for video arcade focuses applies to this sort of Internet bistros. It is, for instance, prohibited for individuals younger than 18 to enter such an Internet bistro, albeit especially individuals under 18 are a significant gathering of clients for this sort of Internet bistro. In Asia, gaming is famous at the Internet Cafes. This ubiquity has made a solid interest and a maintainable income model for most Internet bistros. With developing prevalence, there accompanies this an obligation too. In battling for serious piece of the overall industry, the Internet bistros have begun charging less and subsequently are embracing substitute intends to expand income. This incorporates selling food, refreshments, game and phone cards to its benefactors. Today in the Philippines, the net bistro business has even extended to internet gaming to which most net bistro proprietors concede rounds up the greater portion of their month to month incomes. At that point, there’s the neighborhood chain of net bistros like Netopia and Station 168 that’s been mushrooming everywhere throughout the nation. So it would seem that setting up a web bistro is as yet a practical business. In any case, and that’s a major BUT, contemplate a few factors that will spell the achievement or disappointment of your undertaking. As the ubiquity of the Internet keeps on becoming here in Philippines explicitly here in Albay, simple and reasonable access is rapidly turning into a need of life. We will furnish networks with the capacity to get to the Internet, getting a charge out of it with snacks we offer, and offer Internet encounters in an agreeable domain. Individuals all things considered and foundations will come to appreciate the interesting, upscale, instructive, and inventive condition that we will be given gives. Web Cafe Business Plan The Integration of Computer in Manufacturing Business Executive Summary â€Å"Computer-incorporated Manufacturing is the combination of all out assembling endeavor by utilizing coordinated frameworks and information correspondence combined with new administrative methods of reasoning that improve hierarchical and work force effectiveness. † This is as indicated by Erhums. This framework assists with lessening issues in regards to the assembling of items with the assistance of the execution of PCs. This methodology assists with improving the presentation of manufacturing.It is actualized to fulfill the necessities and requests for a profitability upgrade and more excellent items with less blunders underway procedure. This paper examines about the assistance gave by the PC incorporated assembling in different business. It likewise states here the delineation of the key issues of the combination and flexibility of CIM. Furthermore, another structure has been proposed in this pape r for the plan and execution of CIM. Presentation Business has such a large number of interesting points. What's more, one of it is by what means will you increment effectiveness and upgrade profitability with less errors.Before, the best way to fabricate items is through manual methodology wherein there is a chance of bad behaviors which may prompt business disappointments. In any case, since cutting edge innovation has been created, it will be a major preferred position in the field of assembling business. It centers around delivering items in its most positive condition, and simultaneously, ensuring top notch, low costs, high adaptability and significantly littler creation amount. PC coordinated Manufacturing (CIM) is worried about the incorporation of the business, building and assembling procedures of an enterprise.It causes the endeavor to accomplish and keep up a serious edge in the assembling commercial center. Over some undefined time frame, manufacturing plant proprietors have coordinated PC frameworks so as to control the whole creation process. This is finished by taking the structure, investigation, arranging, buying, cost bookkeeping, stock control and dispersion offices and interlink them with the processing plant floor, material taking care of, and the board offices. This framework will affect each framework withi

An Apology and the Need to Say No

An Apology and the Need to Say No An Apology My sincerest apologies to the folks who attended our Washington, DC, event last month: it was the first show Ive missed in the seven years weve been touring as The Minimalists. On the day of that event, I was suffering from the effects of a nasty virusâ€"likely contracted from my child or caught while dishing out hundreds of free hugsâ€"and I had to get an emergency IV drip. There was no way I couldve made it to the theater that night, let alone the main stage, but thankfully Ryan and the rest of the team held down the fort in my absence. After being bedridden with a wicked fever for two days, I mustered what little strength I could to make it to our subsequent events in Atlanta and Tampa, albeit in a diminished capacity. Although my health has been improving slowly since those events, Ive still been feeling ill the past three weeks, and this illness has taught me a lot about pushing past my limits. The Need to Say No I often find comfort in my discomfort zoneâ€"that’s the place from which we grow. But when I stretch too far, my health suffers, and the result isnt good for anyoneâ€"my audience, my family, my friends, and I all suffer. The last three weeks have given me time to scrutinize my grueling schedule, and I realized something unfortunate: over the past year, my life has gradually become busy. Ugh! There isnt a more vulgar four-letter word in the English language. Of course, it didnt happen overnight. In fact, I’ve been good at avoiding busyness since I left the corporate world seven years ago. But every time I say yes to something, Im indirectly saying no to something else. And this year is the first time since my corporate days Ive said yes too much. Within the last twelve months, we released our documentary on Netflix, started working on two new film projects, moved our families to Los Angeles, began building a podcast and film studio, produced our first physical good, wrote dozens of essays, recorded more than 60 podcast episodes, interviewed with more than 100 media outlets, and embarked on a 50-city international tour. On their own, these are all worthwhile endeavors. But crammed into one year, its too muchâ€"especially considering Ive been dealing with C. Diff, mercury poisoning, multiple chemical sensitivities, and daily physical therapy for my back. Im simply not as durable as I like to pretend. You see, sometimes when I say yes to something thats seemingly important, Im inadvertently saying no  to something else thats even more important: health, relationships, creativity. Which means that, going forward, I must do a better job saying no to anything that isn’t a true priorityâ€"even the good stuff. So Im scaling back in the following ways. Fewer projects. Im saying yes to only one major project at a time. The next project well be working on as The Minimalists is a new film thats one part documentary, one part TED Talk, and one part stand-up special. All other new projects will simmer on the back burner until this one is complete. Back to basics. The creative work that fuels me the most is writing and podcasting. So, in the vein of fewer projects, these creative outletsâ€"mixed with our new film projectâ€"will receive the bulk of my attention in 2018. I think of this trio of creativity as a three-legged table: each leg is a necessary part of our creative output, and they each play an equal role in helping us communicate with our audience effectively. The table is sturdy with three legsâ€"adding more seems superfluous. Reduced social media. As an experiment, we will spend January away from social media. We’re confident it will help us determine how to better use these platforms going forward. I’ll definitely write an essay about the experience once it’s over. Less growth. Through a combination of luck and hard work, weve been fortunate to reach a large audience with our work, but Im no longer interested in scaling up. Sure, I want our message to reach as many eyes and ears as possible, but I believe the best way to do this isnt via the traditional tropes of content generation; rather, I want to focus on meaningful creations, without worrying about what will resonate or go viralâ€"and certainly without endlessly promoting our brand. Promoless. I listen to a lot of podcasts, I see a lot of billboards, and I even notice it encroaching upon my own work: theres too much branding going on these days. No, there arent any advertisements on our website or podcast, but even I am guilty of too much self-promotion that gets in the way of my own creations. Perhaps Derek Sivers said it best: putting ads in your work is like putting a Coke machine in a monastery. Im beginning to feel the same about all the shameless self-promotion thats going on these days, including my own. Tweets and photos and status updates. Its solipsism run amuck. And Im pledging to remove the Coke machine from the monastery immediately so you can better enjoy what Im creating without the promotional eyesores. Yes, Ill occasionally talk about what Im working onâ€"including events, books, and projectsâ€"but I wont let it get in the way of what Im creating. If anything, promotion should be similar to the end credits of a film, not the main plot. Fewer interviews. From every major newspaper, radio program, and TV show to the tiniest podcasts, Ryan and I have probably accepted a thousand interviews over the last half-decade, and Ive said everything I need to say to the media. So, unless youre Joe Rogan, dont be surprised if I say no to your interview request next year. Dont worry, its not youâ€"its me. As a policy, I have to say no, so I can say yes to my life. Fewer events. Our Less Is Now tour is finally coming to an end, and truth be told, touring is probably the straw that broke my back this year. It pains me to say this because I absolutely love our live events. But nonstop touring is challenging. Thankfully, theres a light at the end of the tunnel. This weekend Ryan I will end our year with just two stops in Detroit and Milwaukee. Then, in January, we have only one charity event in Las Vegas (profits go to the Las Vegas Victims Fund). Finally, in March 2018, after a two-month break, were going to Australia and New Zealand to end the tour. And then we’re finished for a while. Yes, were honoring these commitments, and Im truly excited to see you on the road, but then were saying no to new events for a while because 50 events in one year is too much. Too much for me, at least (Ryan is far more durable than I am). So, after a long break next year, well determine whats appropriate going forward. Whatever the number is, itll be considera bly less than our current pace. Right now, Im thinking maybe a couple live events per quarterâ€"maybe fewer, maybe none. Well see. Less travel. Ive been on nearly a hundred flights this year, which is taxing on my body. By doing fewer tour stops and fewer speaking gigs next year, Ill reduce the majority of my travel, but the cold truth is I dont enjoy traveling. I have peripatetic friends who live for driving to the next city, flying to the next country, visiting as many new places as possible. That aint me. I dont like flights or long car rides, and its difficult for me to sleep on the road. So I plan on reducing my globetrotting by 80% next year, which, paradoxically, might help me enjoy my limited travels a bit more. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Inequalities Toward Women From Biblical Times - 1764 Words

Inequalities toward Women From biblical times, creation began with man. When God created the world and all the things in it, and he thought it was good. But as man walked the earth, God said man should not be alone, and created woman. Since this time where woman has become second to man—almost a spare part, man has ingrained into society that a woman is an accessory and throughout the centuries and millennia the world has evolved and cultures have arisen, it has become the social norm to push a perfect creation that is woman out of the view of importance and discriminate against her. Women throughout different said cultures were stripped of their freedom, youth, and had no right to choose their futures. Even now in some countries, women†¦show more content†¦It has long been proven since the era of World War II that even without men in factories and offices, jobs and quotas were still met while women were in their places. However, because of the clinging social norm that a woman’s job wa s to tend to the housework and look after the children, men were quickly returned their jobs after the end of World War II causing many women to go on strikes and raise public attention of unfair practices regarding work fairness. This stereotype could not be easily shaken even throughout the nineteenth century. On the other hand, because of the progressive economy in the United States at the time, new jobs were opening up for some women. Many middle class women found employment in department store as clerical workers. (Farmer, 2014.) Although paid considerably less than their male counterparts, work became available for women and a milestone on the pathway to workplace fairness. However, there are still issues faced today that prove that professional workplaces are not necessarily female-friendly. In 2015, the ratio of women’s to men’s median weekly full-time earnings was 81.1 percent, a decrease of 1.4 percentage points since 2014, when the ratio was 82.5 percent. Wo men’s median weekly earnings for full-time work were $726 in 2015 compared with $895 for men. (Hegewisch, DuMonthier, 2016.) Women in general are paid seventy-nine cents for each dollar a man gets paid. According to the United States Census

Mobile Device Fraud And Its Effect On The Security Standards

Fraud over the years has picked up over the years with the increasing in technology. One the areas that have increased in fraud over the years is Mobile devices. I currently work for Sprint Fraud Management where we deal with fraudulent issue on a daily basis. Fraudster will steal people’s personal information and open up accounts. Fraudster will also get a hold of customer’s security info and will add phone lines to their account. Working in the Fraud department I can agree first hand that mobile device companies need to change their security standards to help in decreasing fraud in the United States. The question that we have to ask ourselves is mobile device fraud? According to https://www.fcc.gov/guides/cell-phone-fraud explains†¦show more content†¦When it comes to security measures at stores, Sprint will have the customer come up with a pin number and a security question. When the customer enters the store, the sales rep will ask for the account number a nd then ask for the security pin, if the customer does not know what their security pin they will be asked a security question that they would have come up with when the customer opened the account. Once the customer gives there security info the sales rep is able to access the account. Now some times the customer will forgot both their pin and security question. The customer will then show there idea and a manager will be able to bypass the password and get access to the account. Having these security standards in place in the stores and when the customer calls customer services helps the customer in securing the customer’s account. One of the good things about this policy is that an employee cannot have access to the account without the customer security info. The issue that we have with this policy is customers who write down there pin and account number, or somebody overhears what the security info is. These are some of the issue that we have with this policy in place. W ith the age of the internet we have some customers who don’t want to go to a store and wait to pick up phone, they rather call the customer service line, or go to the websites of the mobile companies and open up an account that way. When a customer calls the customer

Elements of Energy Efficient House Free Essays

string(39) " into and out of a house’s envelope\." ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY Elements of an Energy-Efficient House You have much to consider when designing and building a new energy-efficient house, and it can be a challenge. However, recent technological improvements in building elements and construction techniques also allow most modern energysaving ideas to be seamlessly integrated into house designs while improving comfort, health, or aesthetics. And even though some energy-efficient features are expensive, there are others that many home buyers can afford. We will write a custom essay sample on Elements of Energy Efficient House or any similar topic only for you Order Now While design costs, options, and styles vary, most energy-efficient homes have some basic elements in common: a wellconstructed and tightly sealed thermal envelope; controlled ventilation; properly DOE/GO-10200-1070 FS-207 July 2000 This house in Illinois has many energy-efficient features, including advanced framing techniques, insulated sheathing, and an advanced ductwork system. It was built by Town and Country Homes as part of DOE’s Building America Program. DEP A NT OF ME EN RT ST A AT E S OF M ER This document was produced for the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), a DOE national laboratory. The document was produced by the Information Services Program, under the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. The Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC) is operated by NCI Information Systems, Inc. , for NREL / DOE. The statements contained herein are based on information known to EREC and NREL at the time of printing. No recommendation or endorsement of any product or service is implied if mentioned by EREC. Printed with a renewable-source ink on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste ICA Photo by Sara Farrar, NREL/PIX07134 CLEARINGHOUSE GY ER sized, high-efficiency heating and cooling systems; and energy-efficient doors, windows, and appliances. Thermal Envelope A thermal envelope is everything about the house that serves to shield the living space from the outdoors. It includes the wall and roof assemblies, insulation, air/vapor retarders, windows, and weatherstripping and caulking. Wall and Roof Assemblies Most builders use traditional wood frame construction. Wood framing is a â€Å"tried and true† construction technique that uses a potentially renewable resource—wood— U N IT ED to provide a structurally sound, long-lasting house. With proper construction and attention to details, the conventional wood-framed home can be very energyefficient. It is now even possible to purchase a sustainably harvested wood. Foundation walls and slabs should be as well insulated as the living space walls. Some of the available and popular energyefficient construction methods include the following: Optimum Value Engineering (OVE). This method uses wood only where it is most effective, thus reducing costly wood use and saving space for insulation. The amount of lumber has been determined to be structurally sound through both laboratory and field tests. However, the builder must be familiar with this type of construction to ensure a structurally sound house. Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs). These sheets are generally made of plywood or oriented-strand board (OSB) that is laminated to foam board. The foam may be 4 to 8 inches thick. Because the SIP acts as both the framing and the insulation, construction is much faster than OVE or stick framing. The quality of construction is often superior because there are fewer places for workers to make mistakes. Insulating Concrete Forms (ICF). Houses constructed in this manner consist of two layers of extruded foam board (one inside the house and one outside the house) that act as the form for a steel-reinforced concrete center. It’s the fastest technique and least likely to have construction mistakes. Such buildings are also very strong and easily exceed code requirements for areas prone to tornadoes or hurricanes. Insulation An energy-efficient house has much higher insulation R-values than required by most local building codes. An R-value is the ability of a material to resist heat transfer, and the lower the value, the faster the heat loss. For example, a typical house in New York might have insulation of R-11 in the exterior walls and R-19 in the ceiling, while the floors and foundation walls may not be insulated. A similar, but welldesigned and constructed house will have insulation levels that range from R-20 to R-30 in the walls and from R-50 to R-70 in the ceilings. Carefully applied fiberglass batt or rolls, wet-spray cellulose, or foam insulation will fill wall cavities completely. Foundation walls and slabs should be as well insulated as the living space walls. Poorly insulated foundations have a negative impact on home energy use and comfort, especially if the family uses the lower parts of the house as a living space. Also, appliances—such as domestic hot water heaters, washers, dryers, and freezers— that supply heat as a byproduct are often located in the basement. By carefully insulating the foundation walls and floor of the basement, these appliances can assist in heating the house. While most new houses have good insulation levels, it is often poorly installed. In general, gaps and compaction of insulation reduce its effectiveness. Photo by Craig Miller Productions, NREL/PIX02452 Air/Vapor Retarders Water vapor condensation is a major threat to the structure of a house, no matter what the climate. In cold climates, pressure differences can drive warm, moist indoor air into exterior walls and Workers install a structural insulated panel. 2 This house in Arizona features a passive solar design with overhangs above the south facing windows. The best windows are awning and casement styles because these styles often close tighter than sliding types. ttics. The air condenses as it cools. The same can be said for southern climates, just in reverse. As the humid outdoor air enters the walls and encounters cooler wall cavities, it condenses into liquid water. This is the main reason why some buildings in the South have problems with mold and rotten wood after they’re retrofitted with air conditioners. A vapor retarder is a material or structu ral element that can be used to inhibit the movement of water vapor, while an air retarder can inhibit airflow, into and out of a house’s envelope. You read "Elements of Energy Efficient House" in category "Papers" How to design and install vapor retarders depends a great deal on the climate and on the chosen construction method. However, any water vapor that does manage to get into the walls or attics must be allowed to escape. Regardless of climate, water vapor migration should be minimized by using a carefully designed thermal envelope and sound construction practices. Systems that control air and water vapor movement in homes rely on the nearly airtight installation of sheet materials on the interior as the main barrier. The Airtight Drywall Approach (ADA) uses the drywall already being installed along with gaskets and caulking to create a 3 ontinuous air retarder. In addition, seams where foundation, sill plate, floor joist header, and subfloor meet are also carefully sealed with appropriate caulk or gasket material. Consult your local building codes official on the best vapor retarder method to use in your area. Windows The typical home loses more than 25 percent of its heat through windo ws. Even modern windows insulate less than a wall. Therefore, an energy-efficient house in a heating-dominated climate should, in general, have few windows on its northern, eastern, and western sides. Total window area should also not exceed 8 to 9 percent of the floor area for those rooms, unless the designer is experienced in passive solar techniques. If this is the case, then increasing window area on the southern side of the house to about 12 percent of the floor area is recommended. This is often called solar tempering. A properly designed roof overhang for south-facing windows will help prevent overheating in the summer. North, east, Photo by Sara Farrar, NREL/PIX08155 and west windows should have low Solar Heat Gain Coefficients (SHGC). South windows with properly sized overhangs should have a high SHGC to allow winter sun (and heat) to enter the house. The overhang blocks the high summer sun (and heat). If properly sized overhangs are not possible, a low SHGC glass should be selected for the south windows. At the very least, you should use windows (and doors) with an Energy Star ® label, which are twice as energy efficient as those produced 10 years ago, according to regional, climatic guidelines (note: houses with any kind of solar tempering have other guidelines). The best windows are awning and casement styles because these often close tighter than sliding types. In all climates, window glass facing south without overhangs can cause a problem on the cooling side that far exceeds the benefit from the winter solar gains. when compared to other houses of the same type and age. You can accomplish most air sealing by using two materials: caulking and weatherstripping. Caulking can be used to seal areas of potential air leakage into or out of a house. And weatherstripping can be used to seal gaps around windows and exterior doors. Controlled Ventilation Good air sealing alone may reduce utility costs by as much as 50 percent. Since an energy-efficient house is tightly sealed, it needs to be ventilated in a controlled manner. Controlled, mechanical ventilation prevents health risks from indoor air pollution, promotes a more comfortable atmosphere, and reduces air moisture infiltration, thus reducing the likelihood of structural damage. Furnaces, water heaters, clothes dryers, and bathroom and kitchen exhaust fans expel air from the house, making it easier to depressurize an airtight house if all else is ignored. But natural-draft appliances may be back-drafted by exhaust fans, which can lead to a lethal buildup of toxic Weatherstripping and Caulking You should seal air leaks everywhere in a home’s thermal envelope to reduce energy loss. Good air sealing alone may reduce utility costs by as much as 50 percent Ceiling light fixture Electrical wires penetrating vapor barrier Joints at attic hatch Vents from bathroom and kitchen Joints at interior partitions Joints between wall and ceiling Joints at windows Electric meter Electrical service entrance Electrical panel Electrical outlets and switches Plumbing stack penetration Chimney penetration of ceiling Holes through air-vapor barrier Joint between bottom plate and floor Cracks around doors Joint between joists and basement wall Service entrance for cable TV, telephone, fuel, etc. Air leakage can occur in many places throughout a home. 4 Heating and Cooling Systems Stale room air return Specifying the correct sizes for heating and cooling systems in airtight, energy-efficient homes can be tricky. Rule-of-thumb sizing is often inaccurate, resulting in wasteful operation. Conscientious builders and heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning contractors size heating and cooling equipment based on careful consideration of the thermal envelope characteristics. Outside air inlet Fresh air supply Air-to-air heat exchanger Exhaust air Heat recovery ventilation. Generally, energy-efficient homes require relatively small heating systems, typically less than 50,000 Btu/hour even for very cold climates. Some require nothing more than sunshine as the primary source of heat along with auxiliary heat from radiant in-floor heating, a standard gas-fired water heater, a small boiler, a furnace, or electric heat pump. Any common appliance that gives off â€Å"waste† heat can also contribute significantly to the heating requirements for such houses. If an air conditioner is required, it’s often a small unit and sufficient for all but the warmest climates. Sometimes only a large fan and the cooler evening air are needed to make the house comfortable. The house is closed up in the morning and stays cool until the next evening. Smaller-capacity heating and cooling systems are usually less expensive to buy and operate. This helps recover the costs of purchasing more insulation, and other energy-efficient products, such as windows and appliances. Always look for the EnergyGuide label on heating and cooling equipment. The label will rate how efficient it is as compared to others available on the market. In climates where summer cooling requirements dominate, light-colored materials and coatings (paint) on the exterior siding and roof can help reduce cooling requirements by up to 15 percent. Carefully selected and placed vegetation in any climate also contributes to reduced cooling and heating loads. ases in the house. For this reason, sealedcombustion heating appliances, which use only outside air for combustion and vent combustion gases directly to the outdoors, are very important for ventilation energy efficiency and safety. Heat recovery ventilators (HRV) or energy recovery ventilators (ERV) are growing in use for controlled ventilation in airtight homes. These ventilators can salvage about 70 per cent of the energy from the stale exhaust air and transfer that energy to the fresh air entering by way of a heat exchanger inside the device. They can be attached to the central forced air system or may have their own duct system. Other ventilation devices, such as through-the-wall or â€Å"trickle† vents, may be used in conjunction with an exhaust fan. They are, however, more expensive to operate and possibly more uncomfortable to use because they have no energy recovery features to precondition the incoming air. Uncomfortable incoming air can be a serious problem in northern climates and can create moisture problems in humid climates. Therefore, this ventilation strategy is only for arid climates. Other systems pull outside air in with a small outside duct on the return side of the furnace. Generally, energyefficient homes require relatively small heating systems. 5 Energy-Efficient Appliances Higher efficiency appliances provide a measure of insurance against energy prices and emit less air pollution. Appliances with relatively high operating efficiencies are usually more expensive to purchase. However, higher efficiency appliances provide a measure of insurance against increases in energy prices, emit less air pollution, and are attractive selling points when the home is resold. Home buyers should invest in high-efficiency appliances—such as water heaters, clothes washers and dryers, dishwashers, and refrigerators—especially if these appliances will be used a great deal. Because all major appliances must have an EnergyGuide label, read the label carefully to make sure you buy the most efficient appliance. To help you choose wisely, major appliances with an Energy Star ® label exceed the federal government’s minimum efficiency standards by a large percentage. Energy-efficient lighting helps keep energy bills down by producing less heat and reducing cooling requirements. Fluorescent lighting, both conventional tube and compact, is generally the most energyefficient for most home applications. always done before. They may need more training if they have no experience with these systems. Building and Buying Before you start a home-building project, the building site and its climate should be carefully evaluated to determine the optimum design and orientation for the house. There are energy-related computer software programs that can help with these evaluations. The design should accommodate appropriate insulation levels, moisture dynamics, and aesthetics. Decisions regarding appropriate windows, doors, and heating, cooling and ventilating appliances are central to an efficient design. Also the cost, ease of construction, the builder’s limitations, and local building code compliance should be competently evaluated. Some plans are relatively simple and inexpensive to construct, while others can be extremely complex and, thus, expensive. An increasing number of builders are participating in the federal government’s Building America and Energy Star ® Homes programs, as well as local home energy rating programs, all of which promote the construction of energy-efficient houses. Many of these builders construct energy-efficient homes to differentiate themselves from their competitors. Construction costs can vary significantly depending on the materials, construction techniques, contractor profit margin, experience, and the type of heating, cooling, and ventilation system chosen. Because energy-efficient homes require less money to operate, many lenders now offer energy-efficient mortgages (EEMs). EEMs typically have lower points and allow for the stretching of debt-to-income ratios. State and local government energy offices can be contacted for information on region-specific financing. In the end, your energy-efficient house will provide you with superior comfort and lower operating costs, not to mention a higher real estate market value. The building site and its climate should be carefully evaluated to determine the optimum design. Advantages and Disadvantages Houses that incorporate all of the above elements of energy efficiency have many advantages. They feel more comfortable because the additional insulation keeps the interior wall at a more comfortable and stable temperature. The indoor humidity is also better controlled, and drafts are reduced. A tightly sealed air/vapor retarder reduces the likelihood of moisture and air seeping through the walls. They are also very quiet because the extra insulation and tight construction helps to keep exterior noise out better. But these houses also have some potential disadvantages. They may cost more and take longer to build than a conventional home if there’s a lack of builder familiarity with new construction techniques and products available on the market. Even though the house’s structure may differ only slightly from conventional homes, the builder and contractors may be unwilling to deviate from what they’ve 6 Resources The following are sources of additional information on energy-efficient houses: The Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Clearinghouse (EREC) P. O. Box 3048 Merrifield, VA 22116 1-800-DOE-EREC (1-800-363-3732) E-mail: doe. erec@nciinc. om Web site: http://www. eren. doe. gov/consumerinfo/ EREC provides free general and technical information to the public on many topics and technologies pertaining to energy efficiency and renewable energy. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Building Technologies Department MS 90-3111 Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Phone: (510) 486-6845; Fax: (510) 486-4089 Web site: http://eetd. lbl. gov/b tp/btp. html Provides information on past and current research in buildings energy efficiency. National Renewable Energy Laboratory The Center for Buildings and Thermal Systems 1617 Cole Blvd. Golden, CO 80401 Web site: http://www. nrel. gov/buildings_thermal Provides information on energy-efficient buildings. Organizations American Solar Energy Society, Inc. (ASES) 2400 Central Avenue, G-1 Boulder, CO 80301 Phone: (303) 443-3130; Fax: (303) 443-3212 E-mail: ases@ases. org Web site: http://www. ases. org A national advocacy organization dedicated to the use of solar energy in buildings. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Buildings Technology Center P. O. Box 2008, MS-6070 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6070 Phone: (865) 574-5206; Fax Number: (865) 574-5227 Web site: http://www. ornl. ov/ORNL/BTC/ Provides information on research in buildings energy efficiency. Building America U. S. Department of Energy Office of Building Systems, EE-41 1000 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, D. C. 20585-0121 Web site: http://www. eren. doe. gov/buildings/ building_america/ Works with the home building industry to produce quality homes that use up to 50 percent less energy without costing m ore to build. Sustainable Buildings Industry Council (SBIC) 1331 H Street, NW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20005-4706 Phone: (202) 628-7400; Fax: (202) 393-5043 E-mail: sbic@sbicouncil. org Web site: http://www. bicouncil. org Promotes the use of energy-efficient and passive solar building design and construction. Web Sites Building Energy Software Tools U. S. Department of Energy Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs Web site: http://www. eren. doe. gov/buildings/tools_ directory/ Describes many energy-related software tools for buildings, with an emphasis on renewable energy, and energy efficiency. Efficient Windows Collaborative Alliance to Save Energy 1200 18th Street NW, Suite 900 Washington, D. C. 20036 Phone: (202) 857-0666; Fax: (202) 331-9588 E-mail: award@ase. rg Web site: http:/ /www. efficientwindows. org/ Provides unbiased information on the benefits of energy-efficient windows, descriptions of how they work, and recommendations for their selection a nd use. Cool Roof Materials Database Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Web site: http://eetd. lbl. gov/coolroof/ Assists with the selection of roofing materials that reflect instead of absorb the sun’s radiant energy. Energy Star ® U. S. Department of Energy and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Phone: (888) STAR-YES (1-888-782-7937) E-mail: info@energystar. gov Web site: http:/ /www. nergystar. gov/ Provides lists of Energy Star ®-qualified products, including appliances and windows, as well as information on its energyefficient homes program. Green Buildings Center of Excellence for Sustainable Development Web site: http://www. sustainable. doe. gov/buildings/ gbintro. htm Provides information and links on energy-efficient buildings. (Continued on page 8) 7 Continued from page 7 The Residential Energy Efficiency Database Web site: http://www. its-canada. com/reed/ Provides a wide-range of information on energy-efficient houses, including house plans. The Passive Solar Design and Construction Handbook, M. Crosbie (ed), J. Wiley, 1997. Available for purchase from ASES (see Resources). Residential Windows: A Guide to New Technology and Energy Performance, J. Carmody, S. Selkowitz, and L. Herschong, Norton Professional Books, 1996. Phone: 1-800-233-4830; http://www. wwnorton. com/npb/. Insulation Fact Sheet, U. S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 1997. Available from ORNL in PDF and HTML at http://www. ornl. gov/roofs+walls/insulation/. Print version is available from EREC (see Resources). Zip Code Insulation Database Oak Ridge National Laboratory Web site: http://www. ornl. gov/~roofs/Zip/ZipHome. html Provides information by zip code on the most economic insulation levels for new or existing homes. Reading List The following publications provide further information about energy-efficient home elements. The list is not exhaustive, nor does the mention of any publication constitute a recommendation or endorsement. Periodicals Energy Design Update. Published by Cutter Information Corporation, 37 Broadway, Arlington, MA 02474-5552; Phone: (800) 964-5118 or (781) 648-8700; Web site: http:// www. utter. com. This monthly newsletter contains information for professionals interested in energyefficient building technologies. Product reviews appear regularly. Environmental Building News. 28 Birge Street, Brattleboro, VT 05301; Phone: (802) 257-7300; Web site: http://www. BuildingGreen. com. This bimonthly newsletter covers a wide variety of topics. The Journal of Light Constru ction. Published by Builderburg Partners, Ltd. , 932 West Main Street, Richmond, VT 05477; Phone: (800) 375-5981. This monthly journal often features articles on energy conservation techniques for the home builder. Home Energy Magazine. 2124 Kittredge Street, #95, Berkeley, CA 94704; Phone: (510) 524-5405; E-mail: contact@homeenergy. org,; Web site: http://www. homeenergy. org/. It’s a source of information on reducing energy consumption in the home. Solpan Review. Published by Drawing-Room Graphic Services, Ltd. , P. O. Box 86627, North Vancouver, BC V71 412 , Canada; Phone (604) 689-1841. This bimonthly newsletter features articles on energy conservation for the building industry, including information on new products and energy-efficient practices in residential construction. Books, Pamphlets, and Reports Buildings for a Sustainable America Case Studies, B. Miller, ASES, 1997. Available from ASES or SBIC (see Resources). Building Green in a Black White World, D. Johnston, Home Builder Press, 2000; Phone: (800) 223-2665; http://www. builderbooks. com. Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings, A. Wilson and J. Morrill, American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 2000; Phone: (510) 549-9914; http://aceee. org/. The Efficient House Sourcebook, R. Sardinsky, Rocky Mountain Institute. Available from SBIC (see Resources). Energy Savers: Tips on Saving Energy and Money at Home, U. S. Department of Energy. Available in PDF and HTML at http://www. eren. doe. gov/consumerinfo/energy_ savers/ or print version from EREC (see Resources). Fine Homebuilding: Energy-Efficient Houses, Fine Homebuilding magazine. Available from SBIC (see Resources). Moisture Control Handbook: Principals and Practices for Residential and Small Commercial Buildings, J. Lstiburek and J. Carmody, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. , 1993. Available from the Building Science Corporation at (978) 589-5100 (phone); (978) 589-5103 (fax); or http://www. buildingscience. com. 8 How to cite Elements of Energy Efficient House, Papers

Modernism in Art Essay Example For Students

Modernism in Art Essay Modernism is an inclusive name applied to the many forms of rebellion against the accepted and the tra- ditional. A modernist likes to be thought a rebel—sometimes he is and will starve for his principles, sometimes he is not, but only a self-advertiser. Modernism has had the good effect of arousing the anger of the complacent exponents of the thing that is.† When modernist art is shown, old man know-it-all denounces these â€Å"fakirs†, â€Å"freaks aud â€Å"queerists,† with their crazy-quilt† art. He calls this tin* cult of â€Å"crudity and ugliness† and their can- vases color puddles† of â€Å"delirious dyers.† The rebels strike back, taunting academists with stand-patism, and asserting that art critics are useless and harmful.† Imagination shall not be chained,† they say. An adherent of the old school entered a well-known Fifth avenue gaUery where were modernist works. This is not art.† he shouted to the ow ner of the gallery, and I know something about art.† The calm reply was your education is finished, mine has just lK*gun.† Unfortunately modernism has been used to advertise a certain coterie who have their press agents and art-talkers. It is true also that the new forms of expression have given opportunity to fakirs and practical jokers. I have heard that eight Van Goghs were manufactured by a painter in larls and later on shown in New York, that a New York art student, impatient with his elav model, whacked it out of shape and ex- hibited it at a much talked of show. No wonder that the public is mystified by all this. It will be some time before the public so appreciates the spirit of the serious modem work as to Ik? able to detect the false and the superficial. The public has not been accustomed to think, but now it will be forced to do so in self-protcction. The English modernists in 1914 hired a huge skating rink, divided it into sections by screens and iuvited everybody to exhibit who would pay for space and hang his own pictures. There was no jury, no academy or art-writer to set the standard, hence the visitor was really obliged to think, for once. There ought to he a few such shows in our American cities to stimulate the public to make a serious study of art, instead of relying upon doctrinaires and academics. There would be a better understanding of modernists’ work had they set forth in plain English some of their aims and purposes. So far they have failed to do it, yet it seems fair to expect thu » of men who paint pictures or carve figures and invite the public to view them. Of course it is not necessary to explain the subject or the method, but only to give a general statement of what they are driving at. For example, if they are seeking for the unknown harmonies, as I believe the serious ones are, why not say so? Then we should approach the works without prejudice and try to appreciate their spirit. Open minded people, kwking for enlightenment are puzzled and repelled by such phrases as these: From a reciprocity of concessions arise those mixed images which we hasten to confront with artistic creations in order to compute what they contain of tlie objective; that is, of the purely conventional.† â€Å"Inborn complimentarum is an absolute necessity in painting.† Universal dynamism must be rendered in painting as a dynamic sensation.† When Douglass Jerrold first heard one of Brownings poems lie exclaimed. â€Å"0 God. I am an idiot!† Doubtless llie philosophers understand these obscure dissertations found in books on cubism and in manifestoes and catalogs, but the ordinary man sincerely desirous of appreciating art, is baffled and discouraged. Here is an opportunity for some modernist artist who can write plain, concise everyday English (or any other language for that matter). I shall not attempt to name or discuss all phases of modern art, nor even pretend to explain them. I confess to sympathy with all who reject traditional academism in art. I often regret the years spent in the Academie Julian where we were taught by professors whom wc revered, to make maps of human figures. I regret still moreI shall not attempt to name or discuss all phases of modern art, nor even pretend to explain them. I confess to sympathy with all who reject traditional academism in art. I often regret the years spent in the Academie Julian where we were taught by professors whom wc revered, to make maps of human figures. I regret still morethe persistence of this academism in America and sincerely hope that this association will not permit it to have full sway over proposed new college courses. Japanese art has done much toward breaking the hold of this tyranny, the incoming Chinese art will do more, but it. may remain for modernist art to set us free. We aim to place art on a better footing in our universities. We shall make a fatal mistake if we brush aside the newer forms of art and advocate the traditional in order to please the conservative element. Conservative people like to read such art criticism as this in the daily press: â€Å"In art ‘meaning’ and ‘life’ do not exist until theartist has mastered those technical processes by which he may or may not have the genius to call them into being. This is not an opinion. It is a statement of fact. Five years from now such criticism will not be tolerated. I will take the liberty of saying that I was long ago convinced of the error of that doctrine and have fought it for the last twenty years. To quote again from a New York newspaper: â€Å"Non- visual experiences are impossible of repre- sentation.† Are they? Read Bercnson on Sassetta the Sienese painter of the Franciscan legend† and give some serious study to Buddhist painting iu China! There must be a new art criticism to gowith the new education. College men and women should not be subjected to such academism* as these: â€Å"Art is a luxury† (Congress believes that); art is an added quality† (how this would surprise Giotto!); â€Å"art reveals the whole history of an epoch† (what would Pere Corot say to that!) â€Å"the realism of Masaccio and Donatello broughtlife to Italian art† (tra# it their realism that did that?); â€Å"Greek sculpture attained its excellence through study of t he bodies of athletes (is Greek sculpture a mass of isolated portraits of bodies of athletes, or is it magnificent design with human bodies as motives?) â€Å"the return to nature made the Barbizon school what it was.† † Gothicsculpture reached its height through study of nature.† These ideas arc left over from the academism of the eighteenth century in Europe. They are old-time interpretations which will not stand up before modernism. Such criticism ignores the whole history of Oriental art and the work of independent artists for the lastforty years. Art vs Government EssayAs we live in a highly industrialized and consumer-centered capitalistic world, design is merely as essential as drinking water, an outstanding design will be recognized as an innovation, instead, a poorly designed object or creation will not be bothered or undesirable to consumers. Design history is the fundamental of design and it should not be neglected as it relates to our humankind’s wellbeing. By nature, design is linked to innovations, the future of design is dynamic and it is changing faster than anytime in the history of design. Design will always be the basic of every creation.